EUROPEAN OPHTHALMIC REVIEW – VOLUME 9 ISSUE 1 – SUMMER 2015

Francesco Bandello is Full Professor and Chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, Ospedale San Raffaele of Milan and Academic Dean “Corso di Laurea Specialistica/Magistrale in Medicina e Chirurgia” at the University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele of Milan. Dr Bandello holds positions on many international societies, including President of the European Society of […]

Intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation is probably not one of the most attractive topics in ophthalmology. As a consequence, the results from the optical biometry device are often trusted blindly. However, every cataract surgeon should be aware of the fact that the calculation of the accurate IOL power is crucial for the post-operative patient satisfaction. […]

Emmetropia is defined as the state of refraction of the eye in which parallel rays of light falling on the cornea come to focus to a point on the retina while accommodation is at rest. Refractive errors comprising myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism, represent deviation from emmetropia, and if significant, they often require correction.1 There are […]

The management of keratoconus has changed over the last years. We now have a variety of newer modalities that focus both on prevention of progression of the disease through corneal collagen cross-linking, and improvement of visual acuity through non-surgical and surgical methods. Contact lenses are generally the first treatment attempted, after stabilisation of the disease. […]

Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory cone-like ectasia of the cornea, which is usually bilateral and progresses over time with consequent central and paracentral thinning of the stroma and irregular astigmatism. The only known treatment for arresting the progression of the keratoconus is collagen corneal crosslinking, which enforces a human cornea and links the collagen with means […]

Endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare inflammatory condition of the intraocular cavity that is caused by the haematogenous spread of bacterial and/or fungal agents from the distant infectious loci mostly located in liver, lung, endocardium, meninges and urinary tract.1,2 It is commonly associated with an underlying immunosuppressive status including diabetes mellitus, cardiac disease, renal insufficiency and […]

The use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents has revolutionised the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD). Multiple clinical studies have shown that beneficial functional and morphological responses can be obtained with either fixed dosing or as-needed (pro re nata [prn]) treatment regimens.1–4 The treat-and-extend regimen (TER) is also used by a […]

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the main cause of vision loss in people between 25 and 74 years old in developed countries, and diabetic macular oedema (DMO) represents the major cause of this visual impairment.1,2 The prevalence of DMO ranges from 0 % to 3 % at the moment of the diagnosis of diabetes to 28 […]

Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is responsible for much of the vision loss associated with diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults.1–3 DMO is characterised by thickening of the central retina due to leakage of fluid from blood vessels, and can occur at any stage of retinopathy.4 Recent estimates suggest that around 21 […]

Diabetic macular oedema (DMO), a pathological condition characterised by the breakdown of the blood–retina barrier and a consequent increase in vascular permeability, is one of the most challenging conditions faced by ophthalmologists today, and its prevalence is rising. The global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among individuals with diabetes is around 35 %, with DMO present […]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing socio-medical problem because of its increasing prevalence and diabetic complication rate. This is also the reason for the large amount of money spent on diabetes treatment and on diabetic complications despite continually improving diabetes care.1,2 The International Diabetes Federation’s latest study has shown the number of people with diabetes […]

Introduction Since the introduction of pars plana vitrectomy by Robert Machemer in 1970, technical advances have led to the development of progressively more capable and proficient commercial vitrectomy systems. Small-gauge vitrectomy became widely available in 2004 and has grown increasingly popular among vitreoretinal surgeons.1,2 Transconjunctival microincision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS) with 27-, 25- or 23-gauge instrumentation […]

Macular hole (MH) and vitreomacular traction (VMT) can result in disruption of the vital area of contact between the photoreceptors and the nourishing retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).1–3 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become the gold standard tool for diagnosing and managing these conditions.3–5 OCT is often used for monitoring surgical outcomes in patients with MH […]

Small is big in the world of ocular surgeries. As anterior surgeons moved from regular phacoemulsification to phaconit, the advent of microincision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS) changed the approach, indications and complications of vitreoretinal surgeries forever. Since its introduction in 2002,1 MIVS has been gaining popularity amongst retinal surgeons for managing a wide variety of vitreoretinal […]

Recent advancements in imaging technology have allowed a more in-depth understanding of the diseases of the vitreoretinal interface (VRI), and have also changed how we evaluate the effectiveness of different treatment options. Until the development of optical coherence tomography (OCT), no practical method was widely available for visualizing and evaluating diseases of the VRI, and […]

“The argument of whether to operate bilateral cataracts in a single session, or in two different sessions, is as old as the operation itself, and the controversy between supporters of one option and the other had already, in the Middle Ages, become fiercely heated. So it has stayed, over the centuries, up to the present […]

Eccrine spiradenoma are benign tumors of the skin found at the site of eccrine sweat glands. Lesions usually present as solitary, varied-colored, 1 cm diameter nodules. A review of the literature revealed that only a few cases of eyelid spiradenoma have been reported.1–5 In this article, we describe a case of solitary eccrine spiradenoma of […]