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Noninfectious Uveitis: A Review of Ophthalmic Management and Clinical Pearls

Luke G Qin, Michael T Pierce, Rachel C Robbins

The uvea is a vascular stratum that includes the iris, ciliary body and choroid. Uveitis is defined as inflammation of a part of the uvea or its entirety, but it is also used to describe inflammatory processes of any part of the eye, such as the vitreous or peripheral retina. The clinical taxonomy of uveitis […]

touchREVIEWS in Ophthalmology. 2024;19(1):1–8:Online ahead of journal publication

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Glaucoma
2 mins

Glaucoma Pharmacogenetics

Georg Mossböck, Christoph Faschinger
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Published Online: May 22nd 2012 European Ophthalmic Review, 2012;6(3):146–8 DOI: http://doi.org/10.17925/EOR.2012.06.03.146
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1

Abstract

Overview

An individuals’ reaction to a specific drug is influenced by various factors including environmental, systemic and genetic factors. In most cases the reactions of a group of individuals are of the Gaussian type with non- to low responders at the lower end of the curve and high- to ultra-high responders at the upper end of the curve. As these extraordinary reactions to a drug are at least partly genetically determined pharmacogenetics is set to decipher the underlying genetic constitution and to establish an individualised genotype-based drug therapy. Candidate genes in pharmacogenetics include genes of receptors as well as their downstream pathway and genes of drug metabolising or activating enzymes. Most prominent examples from the medical literature are warfarin, clopidogrel and various psychotropic and oncological drugs. Regarding glaucoma therapy studies investigating the role of polymorphisms in the genes of β-adrenergic receptors, the important metabolising enzyme CYP2D6 and the prostaglandin F2α receptor have been performed. Results of these studies are presented and an outlook on the role of pharmocogenetics in glaucoma therapy will be provided.

Keywords

Glaucoma, pharmacogenetics, betablocker, prostaglandin analogues

2

Article

The effect of a drug in terms of desired effects and undesired side-effects on an individual basis is still not 100 % predictable.1 Undoubtedly, this prediction would be a great advantage for patients’ safety and societies’ economies and therefore, it has been subject to research ever since drugs have been used in a scientific manner.2

It is well known that an individuals’ response to a certain drug is influenced by extrinsic as well as intrinsic factors.3 Among the extrinsic factors there are lifestyle issues like diet, alcohol consumption or nicotine abuse and geographical factors. Intrinsic factors comprise constant factors like age, sex, ethnic group and, more specifically, the colour of the iris, but also modifiable ones like the body mass index or concomitant systemic or ocular disease. Furthermore, the personal genetic constitution determines at least partially the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug. Polymorphic receptors or their downstream pathway targets may aggravate or attenuate the effects of a drug, whereas variants of metabolising or activating enzymes can lead to increased or decreased levels of a drug. The aim of pharmacogenetics is to describe these polymorphisms and their impact on an individuals’ reaction to a specific drug. As pharmacogenetic research started about 30 years ago, pharmacogenetic data on a range of drugs have now been reported.4

Today, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists pharmocogenetic biomarkers in drug labels for more than 100 drugs, most of them anticancer or psychiatric drugs.5 For example, warfarin dose is greatly influenced by the genotype of the metabolising enzyme CYP2C9 and the genotype of the target enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), which together account for roughly 40 % of the interindividual variance of warfarin dose.6 CYP2D6 is necessary for about 25 % of all drugs metabolised in the human liver, including various psychiatric drugs and beta-blockers.7

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2

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3

Article Information

Disclosure

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Correspondence

Georg Mossböck, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria. E: g.mossboeck@medunigraz.at

Received

2012-11-11T00:00:00

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An Overview of Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity (SPARCS): A Web-based, Contrast Sensitivity Testing Tool

Parul Ichhpujani, Sahil Thakur

Contrast sensitivity (CS), which is an important element of functional vision, helps in differentiating an object from its background. CS affects several aspects of vision, such as acuity, dark adaptation, visual field, motion detection and pattern recognition.1 A decline in spatial CS occurs in several ophthalmic disorders, including cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Commonly, […]

touchREVIEWS in Ophthalmology. 2024;18(1):18-24
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