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The uvea is a vascular stratum that includes the iris, ciliary body and choroid. Uveitis is defined as inflammation of a part of the uvea or its entirety, but it is also used to describe inflammatory processes of any part ...
Thermoreceptors on the ocular surface play a critical role in the development of dry eye disease (DED). An experimental eye drop called AR-15512, which activates cooling receptors, has been found to provide fast and continuous relief from dry eye symptoms, ...
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic deterioration and dysfunction of the outer retinal tissue and Bruch’s membrane (BrM). It is the leading cause of vision loss in people older than 60 years and is estimated to affect 288 million people ...
Contrast sensitivity (CS), which is an important element of functional vision, helps in differentiating an object from its background. CS affects several aspects of vision, such as acuity, dark adaptation, visual field, motion detection and pattern recognition.1 A decline in ...
Recent advancements in publicly available artificial intelligence (AI) large language models (LLMs) have piqued the interest of the medical community. LLMs are 'trained' using massive datasets and can generate natural language text in response to free-text inputs. Conversational agents (chatbots), ...
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the main causes of irreversible vision loss in ageing populations worldwide.1 In 2019, the US recorded 1.49 million people aged 40 years or older with late-stage AMD, reflecting a crude prevalence rate of 0.94%.2 Geographic atrophy (GA), ...
The term ‘artificial intelligence’ was coined by a group of scientists during a workshop known as the “Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence” in 1956.1 The concept was based on the idea that “intelligent human behavior consisted in processes that ...
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrially inherited optic nerve disease characterized by bilateral (sequential or simultaneous), subacute, painless central vision loss.1 LHON was first described in 1871 by the German ophthalmologist Theodor Leber.2 However, it was not until 1988 that ...
We have all heard the old adage ‘try it before you buy it’ in reference to big purchases or life decisions. Current USA housing market crisis aside, it has always been common practice to first walk through a house before ...
The successful management of glaucoma is still a challenge, especially in low-resource countries, where treatment options are limited. Awareness about glaucoma is often low in the general population and even amongst patients with glaucoma themselves.1–3 More than 50% of patients present ...
Dry eye disease is a chronic condition that affects the corneal surface, and is clinically characterized by loss of tear volume and increased evaporation of tears.1,2 The definition of dry eye disease has evolved since it was first recognized over 30 ...
Nonorganic vision loss (NOVL) or functional vision loss (FVL) is the presence of abnormal vision, or visual fields, without an organic pathology, despite a thorough and comprehensive evaluation. The symptoms will be inconsistent with the results of an objective examination.1–3 ...
The term amblyopia, derived from the Greek words α’µβλυ’ς (weak) and ω˛″ψ (eye), is defined as a unilateral (or, less commonly, bilateral) reduction of visual acuity as a result of inadequate visual experience during early life, which leads to a disruption of ...
Optical lens filtration therapy began with FL-41 lenses that were developed in the late 1980s and first reported in 1991 by Wilkins and Wilkinson.1 They were originally designed to improve workplace productivity by reducing eye strain and headaches induced by fluorescent ...
The cost of glaucoma care is high1–3 and involves both the direct cost of eye consultations/examinations, investigations, medications or surgical interventions, as well as the indirect costs of loss of daily revenue during clinic visits, transport costs of self ...
Proceedings of the inaugural European LHON Forum Meeting, held in Frankfurt, Germany Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy – the biology behind this deceptively complex disease In the first plenary session co-chaired by Prof Valerio Carelli and Dr Catherine Vignal-Clermont, the pathophysiology, ...
Visual field (VF) analysis of the central retina is being touted by some clinicians as an indispensible investigation in all glaucoma patients, irrespective of the stage of the disease.1 The functional tests to investigate glaucoma patients analyze the VFs to ...
Dry eye disease (DED) is the one of the leading causes of adult visits to ophthalmologists in the USA, with an estimated prevalence of 5–50% in adults over the age of 50 years.1 Studies have estimated over 16 million patients have been diagnosed ...
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