The accumulation of transudative fluid in the suprachoroidal space, known as choroidal effusion, is a prevalent and often asymptomatic complication of glaucoma surgery. Choroidal effusions have also been linked with other aetiologies, including infections, inflammatory diseases, medications and other ocular surgeries.1,2 While choroidal effusions do not typically lead to long-term complications, if particularly large or persistent, […]

Recent advancements in publicly available artificial intelligence (AI) large language models (LLMs) have piqued the interest of the medical community. LLMs are ‘trained’ using massive datasets and can generate natural language text in response to free-text inputs. Conversational agents (chatbots), such as Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT; OpenAI), Microsoft’s Bing AI (Microsoft Corporation), and Google […]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the main causes of irreversible vision loss in ageing populations worldwide.1 In 2019, the US recorded 1.49 million people aged 40 years or older with late-stage AMD, reflecting a crude prevalence rate of 0.94%.2 Geographic atrophy (GA), the late stage of non-neovascular AMD, is characterized by gradual and progressive atrophy of […]

Welcome to the latest edition of touchREVIEWS in Ophthalmology, and my first as the journal’s Editor-in-Chief. In this issue, we are delighted to present a series of compelling articles providing insights into some of the cutting-edge developments in this diverse and ever-evolving field. Dhanashree Ratra and Aashna Ratra open the edition with the first in […]

Retinal pharmacotherapy encompasses various drug delivery routes that offer potential avenues for effective treatment (Figure 1). Among these, intravitreal injections have emerged as the predominant method employed in clinical practice.1 They have established themselves as the primary approach for administering anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy, serving as the frontline treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration […]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition that affects millions of people worldwide and poses a significant threat to vision in individuals over the age of 50.1 Of the two types of AMD, wet AMD, which is characterized by the growth of a choroidal neovascular membrane, is responsible for approximately 90% of the vision […]

The term ‘artificial intelligence’ was coined by a group of scientists during a workshop known as the “Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence” in 1956.1 The concept was based on the idea that “intelligent human behavior consisted in processes that could be formalized and reproduced in machine”.1 The subfield of machine learning (ML) aims to train […]

Mydriasis physiology Mydriasis refers to physiologic or pharmacologic pupillary dilation. Physiologic pupillary dilation occurs naturally as a response to low light and viewing objects in the distance. This process is mediated by both the iris sphincter and the iris dilator muscles, the latter of which contracts in response to sympathetic stimulation and relaxes in response to […]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition of the ocular surface and tears. It is frequently encountered in ocular practices, comprising nearly 33% of visits in the USA, and with an estimated global prevalence ranging between 5% and 50%.1,2 The chronic symptoms and discomfort reported by patients with DED directly impact their quality of life […]