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Birjis Fatma, Syed Shoeb Ahmad, Abid Nadeem Nomani

Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer in females. An estimated 2.3 million new cases of breast carcinoma are diagnosed annually worldwide.1 These patients have potential risks of ocular complications not only from the secondaries in the eye but also due to the side effects of medications such as corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs used to treat […]

Management Strategies for Diabetic Macular Oedema

Conceição Lobo, José Cunha-Vaz
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Published Online: Jan 25th 2011 European Ophthalmic Review,2007:71-2 DOI: http://doi.org/10.17925/EOR.2007.00.00.71
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Article

Diabetic retinopathy remains the major cause of blindness in working-age adults in developed nations. Diabetic retinal lesions are still reversible at the initial stage of mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, opening real opportunities for effective intervention. Four main alterations characterise the early stages of diabetic retinopathy:

• microaneurysms/haemorrhages;
• alteration of the blood–retinal barrier (BRB);
• capillary closure; and
• alterations in the neuronal and glial cells of the retina.


Diabetic retinopathy remains the major cause of blindness in working-age adults in developed nations. Diabetic retinal lesions are still reversible at the initial stage of mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, opening real opportunities for effective intervention. Four main alterations characterise the early stages of diabetic retinopathy:

• microaneurysms/haemorrhages;
• alteration of the blood–retinal barrier (BRB);
• capillary closure; and
• alterations in the neuronal and glial cells of the retina.

These alterations may be monitored by red-dot counting on eye fundus images, and by leakage and retinal thickness measurements.1,2 A combination of these methods through multimodal macula mapping has contributed to the identification of three phenotypes2 showing different patterns of evolution:

• pattern A, including eyes with reversible and relatively little abnormal fluorescein leakage, a slow rate of microaneurysm formation and normal foveal avascular zones;
• pattern B, including eyes with persistently high leakage values and high rates of microaneurysm accumulation; and
• pattern C, including eyes with variable leakage, high rates of microaneurysm accumulation and abnormal foveal avascular zones.

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2011-01-25T00:00:00

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