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The uvea is a vascular stratum that includes the iris, ciliary body and choroid. Uveitis is defined as inflammation of a part of the uvea or its entirety, but it is also used to describe inflammatory processes of any part ...
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition that can lead to significant visual impairment, facial disfigurement and decreased quality of life. It affects 16 out of every 100,000 females and 2.9 out of every 100,000 males. Risk factors for TED include age, female ...
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition that affects millions of people worldwide and poses a significant threat to vision in individuals over the age of 50.1 Of the two types of AMD, wet AMD, which is characterized by ...
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition of the ocular surface and tears. It is frequently encountered in ocular practices, comprising nearly 33% of visits in the USA, and with an estimated global prevalence ranging between 5% and 50%.1,2 The chronic symptoms ...
Diabetic macular edema is characterised by exudative fluid accumulation in the macula and is the most common form of sight-threatening retinopathy in people with diabetes affecting one in 15 people with diabetes. Intraocular pharmacotherapy with anti-VEGF agents is the standard of ...
Corticosteroids are the best choice for treating various ocular conditions affecting the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.1 Currently, different routes are available for ocular administration of corticosteroids. Topical application to the eye is the route of choice when ...
Biologics have redefined the outcomes of retinal pathologies by targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Anti-VEGF therapy has prevented millions of people from going blind due to retinal vascular pathologies.1 Apart from preventing morbidity, it has a widespread ...
The subspecialty of the retina has been transformed by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medications over the last two decades.1 These include bevacizumab (Avastin®, Genetech, San Francisco, CA, USA), ranibizumab (Lucentis®, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA), aflibercept (Eylea®, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, ...
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a medium-to-large vessel vasculitis that affects branches of the thoracic aorta, including the carotid artery.1–4 The most feared ophthalmic complication is blindness (seen in up to ~25% of cases) due to arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy involving ...
A biosimilar is a biologic medical product that is an almost identical copy of an original product manufactured by a different company.1 Biosimilars are officially approved versions of original “innovator” products and can only be manufactured in a well-equipped research ...
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision impairment and legal blindness in developed countries, with a projected estimate of 288 million cases in 2040.1 AMD can be classified as exudative or non-exudative. The early AMD-related lesion is represented by ...
The effect of cannabis on intraocular pressure (IOP) has long been a subject of speculation. Indeed, the first legal use of cannabis for any medical purpose in the USA was granted for the treatment of a patient with glaucoma in 1976 (...
Glaucoma causes an optic neuropathy and is one of the leading causes of blindness globally.1 Pathologically, patients with glaucoma typically develop irreversible characteristic field defects due to loss of retinal ganglion cells and subsequent characteristic optic nerve-head damage. The main ...
COVID-19 has become one of the greatest challenges in medical history, and the rapid development and approval of effective and safe treatments is essential to minimise the loss of lives during the pandemic. Given the urgency of finding effective strategies, ...
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and accounts for half of all visual impairment in the USA.1 Contributing risk factors are older age, smoking, alcohol use, sunlight exposure, and diabetes.1 Cataract affects more than 24 million Americans; that number ...
Orbital inflammation can result from a number of inflammatory conditions including dacryoadenitis, myositis, cellulitis, optic perineuritis, periscleritis, orbital apicitis, thyroid eye disease (TED), and a focal mass.1 It may present as acute, subacute, or chronic disease and has a wide ...
Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common conditions encountered by ophthalmologists, with up to 50% of patients reporting symptoms.1 For many decades, DED was thought to be a simple condition caused by reduction of the aqueous phase of ...
Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is a complication of diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular ocular complication of diabetes mellitus.1 The blood–retinal barrier (BRB) is a specialised structure, which tightly regulates, maintains and balances the levels of electrolytes, protein and fluid in ...
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